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- Oil companies are constantly searching for new sources of crude
- oil. Teams of scientists are sent out to gather and examine data
- from vast geographical areas. These scientists may have to
- explore in Arctic or desert regions, and sometimes their
- searches lead them deep under the sea or into dense forests.
- They can never be absolutely certain that oil exists at a given
- site until a well has been drilled there. However, since
- drilling is the most expensive part of the exploration process,
- oil companies prefer to conduct thorough surveys before wells
- are drilled.
-
- Three kinds of surveys generally occur before any exploration
- drilling is done. Aerial surveys show the main geological
- features of the area and are the basis for detailed maps. These
- surveys are conducted from aeroplanes equipped with cameras and
- magnetometers. The cameras are used to produce a sort of
- "raised" photograph which can be viewed with a special
- instrument called a stereoscope. The advantage of this type of
- photograph is that it shows the varying elevations of the land
- surface. Scientists also study the colour of the land shown in
- the photograph. In a desert region, darker sands may indicate
- the presence of oil. The magnetometer used during the aerial
- survey measures the intensity of the earth's magnetism in
- various locations. As dense rocks exert a stronger magnetic pull
- than porous ones, scientists can use the magnetometer to analyse
- the composition of land beneath the surface.
-
- Geological surveys are conducted so that scientists can take a
- closer look at particular sites. If an aerial survey has seemed
- promising, a team of geologists and paleontologists is sent out
- to study the site and collect "cuttings" (rock samples). The
- geologists study surface features of the land in order to learn
- about the shape and direction of rock formations lying beneath
- the surface. If any fossils are found, geologists can use them
- to guess the age of the rocks. The paleontologists, who have a
- specialized knowledge of fossils, will know if these particular
- fossils were left by the kinds of marine organisms that form the
- raw material of petroleum.
-
- GeophysicaI surveys are used to obtain more detailed information
- about sites where geologists believe oil may exist.
- Geophysicists are trained in both geology and physics, and are
- concerned with forces such as magnetism and gravity. Three
- different tests may be used during the geophysical survey. In
- the first one, a gravimeter is used to measure the pull of the
- earth's gravity. The force of gravity differs slightly from one
- place to another, depending on the composition of underground
- rocks. In the second test, scientists again use a magnetometer
- to measure the strength of the earth's magnetic field, the force
- that makes a compass point north. Rock densities will affect the
- varying force of this field. In the third (the seismic) test, a
- seismograph is used to measure the different vibrations
- resulting from small explosions produced near the surface.
-
- The seismic test gives more detailed data than the other two
- tests, though it is more complicated and even a little
- dangerous. The scientists carrying out this test first place
- twenty to thirty geophones in a row on the ground about 30
- metres apart. Electric wires connect each instrument to a
- recording machine. Then a small explosion is produced just below
- the surface of the ground. This explosion sends shock waves far
- down into the earth. As the waves reach layers of rock, they are
- reflected back towards the surface. The geophones pick up the
- waves and change them into electric impulses, which are then
- sent to the recording machine. There, a record is made of the
- exact moments when impulses were received from the different
- waves. Since rocks near the surface reflect the waves sooner
- than deeper rocks, geophysicists are able to produce a "map" of
- the underground areas being explored.
-
- The surveys may all have had positive results, and experts
- working for the oil company may agree that a particular site is
- promising. However, the only way to be sure that oil is present
- under the rock is to drill. An exploration well is called a
- "wildcat", and it may not discover anything. If it does not,
- then the well--known as a dry hole is abandoned. If oil is
- discovered, several more wells are drilled in the same field.
- These are know as production wells. Exploration is an extremely
- expensive but necessary process. When wildcat wells are drilled
- without prior aerial, geological or geophysical surveys, the
- probability of their discovering oil is rather small. Without
- such surveys, an average of 30 wildcats are needed to produce
- one discovery. When surveys are conducted beforehand, the
- average is reduced to only five.
-